Estimation of BDS pseudorange biases with high temporal resolution: feasibility, affecting factors, and necessity

Abstract A common practice adopted for the pseudorange bias estimation and calibration assumes that Global Navigation Satellite System satellite-dependent biases vary gently over time. Whereupon satellite are routinely estimated provided as products with low temporal resolution, e.g., hourly or daily, by agencies. The story sounds unquestionably perfect under acquainted assumption. To validate inadequacy of above hypothesis we herein present an approach to estimate BeiDou (BDS) high resolution. Its feasibility, affecting factors, necessity discussed. Concretely, Geometry-Free function models first constructed retrieve linear combination biases; then Observable-specific Signal Bias (OSB) values respect baseline frequencies ( e.g. , BDS C2I/C6I) along ionosphere modeling; subsequently, all multi-frequency OSBs determined using ionospheric information constraint conditions; finally, possible Differential Code sets attainable OSBs. Using observation data four months when stable, their reliability is demonstrated stability at level sub-nanosecond BeiDou-3 (BDS-3) more stable than BeiDou-2 (BDS-2). comparison between Chinese Academy Sciences reveals accuracy 0.2–0.4 ns. Moreover, large magnitude short-term variation in tens nanoseconds BDS-2 BDS-3 found years 2021 2022, which affected two types flex power BDS-3, respectively. We stress it’s necessary resolution case currently agencies cannot reflect true quantity circumstance.